My family is of ancient origin from Montenegro. Few centuries ago, running away from Turkish terror and blood feud, the family settled in a small village Draca near Kragujevac. Even today on the local cemetery, there is a small old tombstone to Stanislav Pejovic who has been the first Pejovic in Draca. My father Tadija, PhD was born in Draca (1892 - 1982) He was Professor of Mathematics at the University of Belgrade. My mother Ljubica Pejovic (1896 – 1980), born Vuckovic was teaching Math as well. My Brother Pavle (1929 – 1994), PhD Engineer was Professor of Computer Sciences at the University of Belgrade and Novi Sad. My elder daughter Dana Bradic – Pejovic, MBA is with Election Canada in Ottawa, and second one Ana Pejovic – Milic, PhD is professor at Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and concurrently at the University of Hamilton, Ontario Canada. I have three grandsons: Mihailo, Luka, and Mark.

My wife Zagorka, Zaga was teaching Chemistry at the Faculty of Applied Arts, Department of Ceramics and Glass. She always wanted to be an engineer, but it happened to her to plug her hands into the shapeless mass of clay and created arts. Ceramics become obsession for her. She loved arts, she loved ceramics. Photos of some beautiful arts, for arts lovers could be admired in the book “All About Zaga” by Katarina Jovanovic, also on this DVD and my website http://myelab.net/cane/Sve o Zagi Pejovic_small size.pdf.

3 Student at the University of Belgrade

My university education started at the University of Belgrade in 1952. Having Option Hydraulic Energy at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering my early study and my Diploma work (BSc Thesis Three-Dimensional Axially Symmetrical Compressible Flow in Compressors) were my first writing on internal flow in turbomachines; My first article An Approximate method of Calculating Three Dimensional Compressible Flow in Turbomachines was related to my diploma work (see 26 Appendix B Thesis).

My mentor, Prof. Nikola Obradović, the academician and professor, Chair of the Department for Hydraulic Machines invited me to apply for the assistant position.

4 First “Energoprojekt”

Waiting to be posted at the University of Belgrade Prof Obradovic suggested and helped me to get employment at “Energoprojrkt,” Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia. As of 1959 till late eighties I was engineer and consulting engineer first as a full time employee and then as a part time having office and working as much as it was necessary, at least half the time. As a young engineer I joined the team (Team leader Ing. Aleksandar Konstantinovic - Sanji and technical manager Ing. Josip Hvoj) of experts in 1959 learning and then designing and constructing the hydroelectric plants at various stages: Feasibility study, general design, detailed design (after bidding), tender documents for many hydroelectric, pumped-storage and pump plants as well as hydraulic system for other electric plans.

5 PhD at the University of Belgrade

After a brief industrial career, I started my academic career in 1960 at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering where I worked until 1998. All the time I was designing, reviewing, troubleshooting, researching and developing technical innovations as a member of Prof. Nikola Obradović’s group. My research work has been focused in particular to the internal flow in turbomachines. More personally, Professor Krsmanović was an Assistant Professor and the youngest colleague when I joined the group. His knowledge, skills and patience helped me finish my Ph.D. thesis. He was always responding promptly and thoughtfully to all of my questions. Beside all help on many aspects of my research and teaching, Ljubisav (Ljuba) also provided me with friendship and many pleasant moments to remember. This lead to my Ph.D. thesis “A Contribution to the General Theory of Three-Dimensional Axially Symmetrical Flow in Turbomachines” (1964) (see 26 Appendix B Thesis).

In the following years I was dedicated to the work on subjects related to energy generation, testing, maintenance, and optimization of hydroelectric and pumping stations as well as on engineering education. Furthermore, I designed pumps, and laboratory test systems and my work was also rooted in promoting, understanding and solving problems related to rotating machines (turbo-machines), energy generators, transient analyses, and design of machines and systems. Professor Ivo Vuskovic and Dr. H. Klein (Austrian concern Vereinigte Östereichische Eisen und Stahlwerke (VÖEST) from Linz) constracted a big experimental installation for testing models of turbines and reversible pump-turbines and I analysed hydralic transients (waterhammer).

6 Alexander von Humboldt Scholarship

In 1966/67 as Alexander von Humboldt scholarship holder I continue post doctoral learning, writing articles and experimenting in the laboratory at the Pfleiderer Institute for Turbomachines, University of Braunschweig (Pfleiderer-Institut für Strömungsmaschinen) with Professor H. Peterman. Three articles in German, three in English and four in Serbo-Croatian related to my PhD thesis and work in Germany were published. Later on in time period from 1986 to 1992 I visited the University of Hannover and spent about 14 months in Institute for Turbomachines (Institut für Turbomaschinen) with Prof. M. Rautenberg and Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Computer Applications in Civil Engineering (Institut für Strömungsmechanik und Elektronisches Rechnen im Bauwesen) with Prof. W. Zielke.

In 1986 the West Germany Ambassador in Yugoslavia presented to me officially the most modern IBM personal computer, printer and plotter as the Alexander von Humbodt gift. This was one of the first PC at the Faculty for Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade.

7 University Professor

As a mentor, professor, reviewer and consulting engineer at the Universities and “Energoprojekt” I have transferred my knowledge and experience to many generations of young engineers, in former Yugoslavia and then in Canada. I wrote many books, articles, and studies. In addition I am author of computer programs, and I have managed research projects and participated in research projects. As chief engineer and team member, I participated in field acceptance tests, field test, laboratory studies, laboratory acceptance tests and model acceptance tests.

Prof. Aleksandar Gajic, was my best co-worker and PhD student; we, and other colleagues have been teaching at the University of Belgrade hydraulic systems and hydroelectric plants design for a century. (see 25 Appendix A)

In 2003 I was invited to the University of Toronto by Prof. Bryan Karney. As at that time there was no activity on subject designing hydroelectric plants I have initiated teaching new courses at the University of Toronto educating Prof Karney, his staff, and students Design of Hydroelectric Plants.

7.1 Short Courses, Seminars, Invited Lectures

At Universities, Ministries, Hydroelectric companies, and sites I have been teaching short courses, seminars, lectures, presentations and many other activities as listed on my personal website: http://www.stanpejovic.com/ or http://elab.rs/cane/ or

`7.2` `Personal Presentation and Updated Autobiographies`

Prof. Bozidar Radenkovic and my brother Prof. Pavle Pejovic bothprofessors on Computer Sciences at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, advised and helped me to write my first personal presentation. It has been posted as of 1997 and updated at the website: http://elab.rs/cane/.

In 2004 the link is posted at the University of Toronto website: http://individual.utoronto.ca/StanPejovic

8 At “Energoprojekt”

As designing and consulting engineer I introduced and managed some new projects for the first time designed at “Energoprojekt.” They were:

1. Pumping plants,

2. Pumped-Storage Electric Plants,

3. First Waterhammer calculations,

4. First computer program for hydraulic transient analyses, 1967/78 was run on the first computer in Belgrade, largely obsolete Elliott, having had only four control commands; all data and programs were stored on punched paper tapes about 1 cm, probably ½ “ width. This was also the first program transferred on magnetic tapes and then personal computer in 1986. It was also the first software programmed at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 1973,

5. First analysis to increase turbine power output.

8.1 `Bajina Basta Plants –` `Vlasina` `Plant - “S” Instability - ASME Guide`6

I have been learning the arts of designing! One of my first projects at “Energoprojekt” was Bajina Basta (4 units each 90 MW). A decade later I have designed four small powerplants on the River Vlasina (2x14 MW, 13 MW, 16 MW 13 MW) and the plant Lisina (2 pumps each 13 MW) pumping water into the storage of the Vlasina Lake. All four plants Vrla 1 to 4 had 50% electromechanical equipment in operation and civil works had been completed. The task was to add other units and increase the power output as much as possible. Analyses and designs confirmed the system has been safe and the output increased by 20%; but pumping additional water into Lake Vlasina for 300 m production has increased much more as the total head for all four Vlasina plants was 800 m.

After that, being an experienced engineer I have designed the pumped-storage electric plant Bajina Basta having two, at that time, highest head pump-turbine each having 300 MW. I was the first one performing technical analyses; the slogan “extrapolate only one characteristic” has been strictly followed up and only the pump-turbine head was higher than present plants in operation had. Based on the information that cavitation erosion is proportional to the 7^th power of the head the submergence was calculated to prevent the incipient cavitation.

As the result of transient and vibration analyses, we discovered and published for the first time the pump-turbine “S” form instability (Pejovic S., Krsmanovic Lj., Jemcov R., Crnkovic P., Unstable Operation of High-Head Reversible Pump-Turbines, IAHR 8th Symposium, Leningrad, 1976). The peaks of pressure fluctuations exceeded the 900 m design penstock pressure head. In addition the underground power plant consists of a waterway, each feeding two units. The penstocks drop directly from the surge tank to the powerhouse and divide to feed two pump-turbines. The draft tubes join into a long tailrace tunnel leading to the outlet. The units in a loop intensified the “S” form instability making it extremely dangerous. As our team was not aware of this, we opposed the Toshiba proposal for each unit to have its own penstock in order to reduce the price for electrochemical equipment for10%.

Had I known the “S” form characteristics danger I would have insisted separate waterways. Had Toshiba known this runaway instability it would have forced us to construct two separate penstocks and tailrace tunnel; but it did not. Therefore the reasonable late solution was introduced. The philosophy of the governing and protecting system was changed to prevent a parallel runaway of the both units at full flow. The problem is solved if all protective devices properly respond in all critical transients protecting units’ hydraulic resonance in the “S” unstable zone. If not, pressure transient peaks would exceed the design limit of 900 m pressure head. Therefore, each unit has two closing devices, wicket gates and penstock ball valve.

To point out that I was the first discoverer of the “S” form instability, let us take a case of the turbine efficiency negotiation. We had compared two bids; one 91% and the other 89%; this 2% was equal to a small 12 MW plant and for that reason we had aggressive discussion with Toshiba to increase the efficiency, but there was no way. Finally the acceptable proposal was of 91% efficiency but without warrantee because the runner blades have had to be thin for 600 m head. Understanding this important reason we accepted 89% efficiency. If Toshiba had known the “S” instability they would have been much more aggressive to force us away from instability risk.

In this example the client’s designers identified the dangerous phenomenon. The manufacturer verified this instability and the control system were altered to prevent two units simultaneous runaway; the most dangerous catastrophic case. Probability that four protecting devices – two spherical valves and two guide vanes fail to close is very small. But the risk is still present.

8.2 Draft Tube Water Column Separation

The Bajina Basta draft tube water column separation had been analysed at the design phase. At my demand the manufacturer analysed and confirmed that pump-turbines submergence of 54 m would protect system from cavitation and water column separation in all pump, turbine and transients’ mode of operations.

In 2008, about thirty years later new experience has been accumulated:

(i) analyzing water column separation in Iranian Masjed-e-Suleyman Hydroelectric Project (2000 MW; eight units each 250 MW) having long tailrace tunnel, and

(ii) editing and updating the second edition of the Guide to Hydropower Mechanical Design, prepared by ASME HPTC (American Society of Mechanical Engineering Hydro Power Technical Committee) published by HCI Publications 1996, the water column separation in the Bajina Basta draft tubes has been noticed in some old diagrams. The calculated pressure in the draft tube was below the zero pressure; therefore dangerous water column separation could have occurred followed by severe rejoining in the draft tube and runner. The already adjusted control system has protected units to run through the unstable “S” zone prevented a runaway, particularly the simultaneously runaway of both units. It is therefore highly improbable the all four closing devices would fail to close, but a careful maintenance must keep them operable at any and all the time.

The water column separation in runaway has not been noticed by the team of engineers, of which I was the member, and was not indicated by manufacturers and other experts involved in the design and construction of the Bajina Basta pumped storage plant. Later on additional analysis of the field test results has shown the pressure jump for 4 bar up to 10 bar in the draft tube in the case of one turbine load rejection. The transient calculations in unstable zone are uncertain and the error is unpredictable, in addition transients are unrepeatable as chaos is, and therefore careful maintenance is the only way to protect from a serious accident.

In conclusion: High head, low specific speed pump-turbines (and pumps) should be carefully managed, maintenance and frequently inspected by experienced experts.

9 Awards6

9.1 Life Time Achievement Award

This award was given by the Honourable Lieutenant Governor of Ontario on behalf of National Ethnic Press and Media Council of Canada for outstanding services in the field of science and technology and dedicated involvement in community service. The Award recognized a Life Time Achievement in the sector of Science and Technology and recognition of such services for the betterment of mankind.

10 Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts

10.1 The best at the Faculty for Mechanical Engineering

All Full Professors at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade gave their secret ballots in 1991 to nominate candidates for election to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and I was the first to be elected and the second was Prof. Djordje Zrnic. The Dean Milan Radovanovic was late to submit the letter of nomination; he apologised and explained his reasons but my personal opinion has been that he did not want to nominate us as we were not members of Communist Party; he wanted somebody else to be elected! May be I am wrong? Who knows? But it has been my greatest honour being elected by my colleagues Full Professors as number one!

10.2 Nomination

In the mean time Miroslav Nenadovic, Secretary of the Department of Technical Sciences initiated my election but he suddenly passed away. Later Secretary Petar Miljanic has not supported my nomination. By the way, the candidates nominated by Academy Departments were usually as a rule elected as members.

In addition Petar Miljanic was my brother class mate and my “good friend”. Many hydroelectric plants’ site tests we did together. I have never asked him why he did not support my election and I have never tried to change his opinion leaving time to do this. I think that my colleagues, full professors at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering were better informed about my qualifications then the members of the Academy having only few mechanical engineers and not a single hydro mechanical engineer.

10.3 My Father Nomination

History repeated! My father was not elected as a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts when applied. Later when invited to apply, being too old did not acknowledge the nomination.

11 First Troubleshooting

11.1 Compressor volute burst

A centrifugal compressor in a chemical factory was refurbished; the moment it ran in trial operation at zero flow the cast iron volute burst. The pressure could not break it. The iron was of a good quality; there was no fatigue. Power at no flow has been about 10% of full load but was enough to increase the temperature in the air closed in the volute for 200 C⁰/s. The heat transfer through the iron was slow. The extension inside caused the volute to burst all around. Had not the compressor outlet been completely closed and some leaking occurred the accident would not have occurred.

11.2 Reverse waterhammer6

A butterfly penstock valve was broken and few ten meters downstream the 4 MW Francis turbine cast iron spiral case cracked all around and water was flowing into the machine house. The pin connecting disk to the rod has broken and the butterfly valve disc closed instantaneously. Water column separation occurred. The outside atmospheric pressure decelerated out flowing water, returned it back toward the closed valve to fill the void. The Joukowsky waterhammer was the source of a pressure wave traveling at sound speed through the turbine. This was my first investigation of waterhammer accident.

`12` Canadian International Consortium - `Masjed-E-Soleyman Project`6

Immigrating to Canada, I was a team member ofCanadian International Consortium: Hydro Quebec International & Rousseau Sauvé Warren International (RSW) in Iranian Company Farab, Teheran, 1997, reviewing manufacturers’ drawings, calculation and booklets. The “Masjed-E-Soleyman” feasibility study transient calculations pointed out importance the analysis to be repeated based on manufacturers data. Manufacturer’s transient analysis did not analyse water column separation in the 400 m long tailrace tunnel. Being experienced, I have pointed out the serious gaffe in the design of the "Masjed-E-Soleyman" hydroelectric plant (4x250 MW units Phase 1 and another 4x250 MW units under construction Phase 2). My reports was supported by Canadian team leader Redouane Khris, but others involved in this project (Lahmeyer International GmbH, Institute for Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery at the University of Stuttgart, Germany; Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation, Germany; Harbin Electric Machinery Co. Ltd, Harbin, China)ignored draft tube water column separation thus overlooking safety.

The commissioning of Phase-1 was started in 2002 but had as yet not been completed successfully due to the issue of water column separation in the tailrace tunnels, thus my early concerns were confirmed. To find solutions, the owner, appointed a Panel of Experts, I was member, to identify and address the causes of pressure surges. The experts’ reports and published article only analysed one special case and overlooked other dangerous cases. Therefore the new report (we have never been paid for by Lahmeyer International GmbH and owner) and articles have been written at the University of Toronto to educate experts and young engineers that the draft tube is the most complicated point of the overall hydraulic system.

13 ASME Guide

Furthermore, as the member of the ASME Hydro Power Technical Committee we have suggested the new edition of the Guide to Hydropower Mechanical Design to be updated adding the draft tube phenomena into Chapter 12 Hydraulic Transient, which I had initiated and prepared the chapter’s first draft in 1987. At that time I did not recognize that only three countries, Japan, Russia (former Soviet Union) and Serbia (former Yugoslavia) have been educated on the water column separation and related internal flow in the turbine draft tube. Now in 2009 the University of Toronto have been the only Western University teaching the phenomenon of daft tube water column separation.

There has been a strong tendency on part of some engineers to focus attention on the penstock and high pressure hydraulic works that leads up to or from, and include the turbine or pump. This practice implicitly relegates what comes after the turbine as an afterthought. Yet such an approach is dangerous, as many important and potentially destructive hydraulic phenomena occur in, or as a result of, the tailrace tunnel and pipes, particularly if they are long. These accidents occurred in the low head turbines even when draft tube is very short. The Zvornik Hydroelectric Plant Kaplan turbine accident occurred in 1975 and the accident repeated a year later in hydroelectric plant Ozbalt having identical runner and blades. As a team member I investigated technical reasons to find an explanation for the broken runner blades and damaged wicket gates and liners. The police thought the terrorists had been involved. Contacting all people I had chance to meet, I got a report on similar accident in the US and few Russian publications. Professor G.I. Krivchenko from Moscow was invited to give lectures on the subject. I recorded all his talks and two books were published. This was the best class on hydraulic transient in hydroelectric plants. Furthermore he taught us on the flow in the draft tube, which might well be argued to be the most complicated part of the turbine system. Flow here is generally multiphase, fully three dimensional, unsymmetrical, dominantly oscillatory but with an unstable rotating vortex core at its middle. Such conditions make theoretical analysis difficult and until today impossible, laboratory or numerical tests extremely difficult, and even site measurements approximate.

14 Hydroelectric Plants Design

Students in Ontario and North America, as we know, have never been taught, until now, a course on design hydroelectric plants and hydraulic auxiliary systems of nuclear, thermal and other plants. Professor Bryan Karney and I have been a team of enormous Bryan’s energy and political understanding of Canadian and University structure, and my knowledge and experience of teaching and designing hydroelectric plants and hydraulic systems.

The organized multidisciplinary transfer of experience has been a priority task to be undertaken by the University of Toronto and electricity sector in Ontario and Canada. There is a clear need to plan, finance and implement various long-term initiatives; it has been urgent that decisions to address this has been made. This task has been our priority at the University of Toronto; the learning from the experience of others working together allows for discovering new methods and styles.

Small or large electric plants design, construction and operation are complex tasks. Thousands of details must be well conceived and executed, and carefully coordinated for a project to achieve safe and economical operation that can be judged a social, technical and environmental success. Any hydroelectric installation, as a rule, should be designed using several stages as we had done at “Energoprojekt” and in former Yugoslavia for many years. At each stage, entire project documentation should be reviewed by independent reviewers selected and nominated by official authorities. Reducing the amount of analyses, without justification, or worse yet, neglecting the design procedures puts the project at risk.

We, at the University of Toronto, have been teaching experts to understand dilemma about the margin between smart design and expensive maintenance, or high technology and trial and error cheep designs - the expensive troubleshooting, or implementation of high technology, experience, knowledge, economy and stakeholder interests.

15 Projects6

Most of my projects have been troubleshooting. And then designing and analysing as well as site and laboratory testing.

16 Hydroelectric Plants in Former Yugoslavia

In 1997 a meeting was organised by the Scientific Society of Serbia and the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering to study: Modern Technology in Hydroelectric Plant and Machine Design; subjects:

(i) On-Line Management and Control.

(ii) International Seminar on Recent Trends in Hydropower Plants & Machines (ISHPM);

(iii) The Guide to Hydropower Mechanical Design Prepared by the ASME;

(iv) Upgrade, maintenance and new plants.

Important 68 experts from electricity sector and universities invited; 39 were present. The conclusion of the meetings and committees, I was the chairman, were:

Subject: expensive electricity production, system uncertainty, power plants aged, new generators urgently needed, drinking water systems in a similar condition, water crisis rapidly approaching, modern industry and agriculture is polluting the environment, developed countries are major pollutant, long distance transportation for clean water, water crisis will be harder than energy crisis, water means life or death, only who have water will survive, sophisticated expensive water cleaning systems will be built,
Operating conditions in former Yugoslavia: for about 15 year very little has been done to modernise and maintain the generators and pumping systems, risk of accidents and incidents is increasing, production more expensive, experienced educated experts dispersed and new ones not introduced, many emigrate.
Recommendations: institution for new technology should be organised and financed until new economy stabilises, introduction of new knowledge and technology, support new experts, selection of experts, new projects, etc.

Documents in Serbian are posted on my website:

(Link http://elab.rs/cane/cane_in_Canada/folders/Hydroelectricity_in_Yu)

(i) why the meeting,

(ii) subject,

(iii) invitation letter,

(iv) list of invited,

(v) list of participants,

(vi) conclusions and

(vii) recommendations, project proposal.

Many meetings with important persons in electricity sector have no significant results because of the political and economical crisis.

It is very interesting and surprising that an undeveloped or may be under developed country as Yugoslavia had same or very similar electricity problem like many developed country including Canada.

17 Licences and diplomas in Canada

As of 2002 I am Licensed by the Professional Engineers Ontario (PEO). Further on my Ph.D. and B.Sc. diplomas in Mechanical Engineering were certified by University of Toronto.

17.1 English as My Second Language

To pass the Professional Engineering Law and Ethics exam I practiced to improve my writing to answer a question in ten minutes. My brilliant English teacher Mrs. Jean Corinthios, at the Adult Education Centre South, Peel District School Board in Mississauga and my neighbours Rattanjeet, M.A. (Eng), PGDTE (Post Graduate Diploma in Teaching English) and Dr. Bikram Lamba, all excellent in writing, reviewed my handwritten replies. I practiced for about two months writing and rewriting texts to minimize the mistakes and complete the text per question in ten minutes. The goal to write without mistakes has was never been achieved but I passed the exam. All replies were put together into two books which has been copied and submitted to the engineers interested to practice writing Professionals Practice Exams.

18 Ontario Electricity

I was almost blind; cataract closed my eyes, my vision had deteriorated. In 1999 plastic lenses replaced my covered ones. New energy was born. As yet being experienced as an engineer in electric plants and as a professor and head of Hydraulic Energy Department at the University of Belgrade I started immediately to learn and understand the Canadian and provincials’ electricity systems. Media articles, OPG (Ontario Power Generation) and IESO (Independent Electricity System Operator) websites, and privatisation provoked my interest and in 2002 letters were sent to very important persons pointing out the impending problems in electricity sector. The letters sent to some Very Important Persons authorities, posted on my website

19 Member PC Party Policy Advisory Committee on Energy

My MPP Rob Sampson, after the meeting, sent the forms. I filled them and as of January 2003 I have been the member of the Policy Advisory Committee on Energy.

20 At Universty of Toronto6

In March 2003 I was called by Professor Bryan Karney to have a meeting at the University of Toronto. Since then we have initiated our collaborative work on electricity crisis in Ontario, and transfer of knowledge and experience. Immediately I have been invited to provide presentations, lectures, reviews of journal papers, and joint publications. We have had meetings with MPPs, Ontario Power Authority and businessmen. Our presentations, seminars, and new courses, at the University of Toronto have been one of the best methods for transferring knowledge and experience to young experts. Professor Bryan Karney and I have had some concerns and suggestions to practical implementation and possible gaps in the legislations and therefore written submissions have been sent to some Queens Park Committees, Energy Policy Advisory Committee, OPA (Ontario Power Authrity), and some other authorities.

Ontario Government initiated solving procedure by responding to the electricity crisis in 2005 through the Electricity Restructuring Act, 2004. Prof. Karney’s and my concerns were further activated by the 2003 blackout causing loss worth probably Canadian $10 billion. Although the University of Toronto has not been directly involved in the electricity structures our discussions and presentation at Queens Park and meetings with Ontario MPPs accelerated the actions at the Ministry of Energy. Our nonpartisan actions have been based on research and development technology not easy understandable to politicians and investors educated in other directions. Therefore we continued our difficult action explaining the main technical issues. The new Division of Environmental Engineering and Energy Systems was created at the University of Toronto to educate how the electricity generation could be organized to work at the highest efficiency. Unfortunately, our action resulted in new courses related to wine and hydro electric plant design only; long term education of expert has not been supported by authorities.

21 Pulsatile Flow Analysis of Human Blood Flow6

The analysis of resonance and stability of bypass loop is essential and it is not fully and sufficiently reported in the literature. A powerful mathematical method developed for technical hydraulic systems (such as water networks, pumps, hydroelectric plants and aeronautical systems), to study steady, transient and oscillatory flow has been adopted. The oscillatory condition, which is excited by the human heart, is calculated along the simplified bypass loop along with the local vascular network. Moreover, same analytical approach is applied to a coronary system of healthy vessels, which can be excited by an inside or outside force. A wide domain of the frequency could be analyzed. Under the theme of fluid mechanics, this research contribute to the understanding of blood flow, by developing a numerical modelling using the method of characteristic solved in time domain and Laplace and Fourier transformation for analyses in frequency domain (response and stability). The aim of hydraulic vibration analysis carried out in most recent years, by using design and parameters typical in the human coronary circulation, has been to evaluate conditions when the bypass graft functions safely, avoiding possible undesirable effects to the patient. The resonance is the most critical issue, always followed by blood pressure oscillation beyond lethal limit. Prof. Bryan Karney, my daughter Ana Milic – Pejovic, teaching medical physics at Ryerson University, teaching assistants and I have submitted the article “Pulsatile Flow Analysis of a Human Coronary Artery Bypass” to the Journal of Biomechanics.” The applied methods being mostly new to the biomedical reviewer have been returned back with comments showing that reviewers have not been able to do a proper review. As the result of our research work, we published 3 articles, developed computer programs in time domain and frequency domain and have had several presentation and seminars.

22 Troubles in Operation6

22.1 Chair at IEEE Conference 2009

Panel Sessions Chair, Hydro Power and Storage Technology. IEEE CANADA, Electrical Power and Energy Conference 2009, Sustainable Renewable Energy Systems and Technologies," October 22 - 23, 2009 Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

I have again been invited to Chair the Conference Sessions and continue action initiated two year ae at IEEE Conference 2007.

22.2 Chair at IEEE Conference 2007

Session Chair, Renewable Energy Resource in Canada and Abroad. IEEE Canada, Electrical Power Conference 2007, "Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources," October 25 - 26, 2007 Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Invited by Dr. Branislav Djokic, Member and Dr. Bin Wu, Chairman of the IEEE Electrical Power Conference 2007 Technical Program Committee I chaired two “Hydro Power Technology” Sessions. Presented articles, contributions and discussion summarized that over the past decade, there have been several instances where the performance of new hydro developments has been compromised by unsatisfactory operation of some component associated with the hydraulic design of the facility. The main most important conclusions and recommendations have been:

1. More than 50% hydroelectric plants have trouble in operation.

2. Continuity of knowledge and experience has been lost.

3. Organized multidisciplinary transfer of experience is a priority task.

4. Action should be undertaken all projects, including short‐changing, correctly to be designed and reviewed.

5. Taking short cuts can lead – and indeed has often led – to large‐scale problems

22.3 Design and Construction Procedure

Based on experience and practice for transient and vibration analyses specified in the Guidelines to Hydraulic Transient Analysis, Pejovic S., Boldy A.P., Obradovic D. (1987) we have suggested that hydroelectric installations, as a rule, should be designed using the following stages:

(i) Feasibility study,

(ii) General design,

(iii) Detailed design (after bidding),

(iv) Commissioning and running-in process,

(v) Trouble-shooting investigations, and

(vi) Reconstruction, redesign, adjustment or enlargement.

(vii) Review at each stage.

Ideally, all project documentation should be reviewed at each critical stage by independent reviewers selected and nominated by official authorities. Short-changing the analyses, without justification, or worse yet, neglecting any design stage or its associated review, puts the project at risk. At stake here is the economical and efficient functioning of the whole project; taking short cuts can lead – and indeed has often led – to large-scale problems. The point here is that the design team, the project documentation, and the review process all play an interconnected role in anticipating and resolving difficulties before they are implemented in the field, and thus solving them when they are relatively simply addressed. There is no a single hydroelectric project running through the commissioning and trial operation without troubleshooting; thus a higher degree of review and documentation through project stages could pinpoint problems earlier and more effectively than later. Furthermore, this process, while costing only a small premium, would decrease troubleshooting and maintenance costs over the project’s life time. All my hydroelectric projects and reports done in former Yugoslavia have been reviewed and I have reviewed many projects and booklets done in “Energoprojekt,” former Yugoslavia, Canada and over the world. I have been always very happy other experts to review my work because this has been the most efficient way to improve knowledge and experience.

Hydroelectric plant’s equipment may have been designed in accordance with the highest standards and produced using the finest manufacturing practices, but this does not necessarily guarantee that equipment will operate properly when integrated in a system. Every hydropower project has unique design criteria. Unique characteristics of a particular installation can result in unknown and unexpected events during plant operation. For this reason, designs, reviews, construction, erection, start-up testing should be a carefully planned, step-by-step procedure that provides adequate projects, drawings, in short all documentation and data, for a thorough analysis of all operating conditions. All parts of the design should be reviewed to determine which items require analyses and to what extent. This is important, not only for new designs that lack proven operating records, but also, when a system is expanded and up-rated, since these improvements must be predicted and verified with accuracy.

(viii) Construction and inspection is an extra (obvious) stage.

Although this is an obvious step, an experienced and qualified eye during the construction process duly documenting details would be of importance for future troubleshooting and maintenance activities, as well as to proactively deal with issues which may impact schedule and performance of the installation. Some of my cases listed in are 29 Appendix E Construction and inspection is an extra (obvious) stage6.

23 Citation

I have been quoted in at least 200 books and articles published by famous editors.

Prof. Stanislav Pejovic, Ph.D., P.Eng.

1411 - 300 Webb Drive

Mississauga, ON, L5B 3W3, Canada

Tel: 905-896-1253

Cell: 416-270-8126

E-mail: pejovics@asme.org

stan.pejovic@utoronto.ca

spejovic@ryerson.ca

Website: http://individual.utoronto.ca/StanPejovic

http://elab.rs/cane/

24 Appendix A: Hydroelectric Plants and Machines in Former Yugoslavia – Two Centuries of Experience

The construction of the first turbines in the countries of former Yugoslavia was designed to support the work of iron smelters. It was manufactured at Dvor, near Žeženberk (Slovenia) and was considered to be the oldest turbine developed in former Yugoslavia, made by Samassa family in the 18th centuries. After the First World War, companies in Livarne and Skofja Loka were producing Francis and Pelton turbines. At that time, the development of Kaplan turbines began in Belgrade as well by the Machine and Foundry Works - Pejić, Stefanović & Co. in Hiš.

In the eastern parts of Yugoslavia engineering progressed somewhat more slowly, but the first turbines constructed by local engineers were very successful and the Military Engineering Institute in Kragujevac, Serbia produced its first turbine in 1865 for the flow of 22 - 24 1/sec, at head of 27 m and speed of 229.3 rpm[1].

The first Kaplan turbine in Yugoslavia was constructed in 1929 at the former Institute of Technology in Belgrade and tested by Prof. Nikola Obradović, later the academician and professor at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Belgrade and my B.Sc. and Ph.D. mentor.

After the Second World War and nationalization of industry, the hydraulic machine production continued in the state company "Jastrebac," Nis and in August 1946, following a decision of the Ministry o Industry and Mining " Tito’s Co. Litostroj" was founded in Ljubljana (September 1, 1947). In the next year Federal Institute of Turbomachines, today "Turboinstitut", was founded as the part of "Litostroj". At the same time, Federal Institute of Energy "Jaroslav Cerni" for hydraulic civil engineering tests and commissioning of power plants, and Federal Electrical Engineering Institute "Nikola Tesla", Beograd were established to carry out in collaboration with the Faculties of engineering in Yugoslavia site tests and commissioning of electric plants. From 1950 to 1970 small turbines were designed, examined and constructed at the Department of the Hydraulic Machines of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Belgrade. This unit was built in mini hydroelectric plants in Yugoslavia and Indonesia (Fig. 1) and it was the part of Prof. Krsmanović’s Ph.D. thesis. A small hydroelectric plant Ovcar Banja (units 2 MW and 4 MW) as the emergency source of electricity has this mini turbine.

Figure 1. Small turbines constructed in Yugoslavia after the Second World War was the part of Prof. Krsmanović’s Ph.D. thesis.

Small generators coupled with diesel motor were producing the first electrical light for illumination the small areas, first in Belgrade, 1880 and then in other towns. After 1929 an outstanding increase in electric energy production was achieved. The ideas of establishing an electro-system was presented at the Conference of the Electric Company Union of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia held in 1934, and standards for an electric grid was issued in 1937, but the system was not established at that time.

After the end of the World War II, the fast growth of industry required more electrical energy. In the period from 1945 - 1955, coal fired power plants were built, whereas from 1955, hydroelectric ones were constructed as well. The total output of Yugoslav generators was increased 41 times, which corresponds to an average increase of 9% per year. At the same time the consumption was increased 101,7 times, or 11% per year. At the end of 1989 the total power of Yugoslav electric plants was 21489 MW, where 8385 MW or 39% was hydro, and 13104 MW or 61% from coal fired electric plants.

Yugoslav electrical industry built large number of the hydroelectric plants, such as:

- Hydroelectric plant “Iron Gate I” (“Djerdap I:” 12 Kaplan units, 6 on the Yugoslav, and 6 on the Romanian side of Danube, head of 27.6 m, power 194 MW, speed 71.5 rpm, flow 600 m³/sec, runner diameter 9.5m, manufacturer LMZ, Leningrad, Russia, see Fig. 2.)

Figure 2. Hydroelectric plant Iron Gate 1. Professor Krsmanović and Pejovic Was involved in Its Construction

- Reversible Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Plant “Bajina Bašta” (2 units: turbine operation 315 MW, head 600 m, speed 428 rpm; pumping head 531 to 621 m, discharge 39 to 51 m³/s, power 310 MW, manufacturer Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan, see Fig. 3).

- Other companies, which delivered component to Yugoslav Power Industry were: Andritz, ČKD, Charmille, Ganz-Mavag, Hydroart, KSB, Kvarner Eureka (Nohab, KMW), Litostroj, LMZ, Neyrpic, Sulzer-Escher Wyss, Toshiba, Vest Alpine, Voith.

This briefly describes the history of the hydro-energetic industry in Yugoslavia when Professor Krsmanović and a bit later Professor Pejovic joined the profession. They, along with our students, were involved in the construction of the most of Hydroelectric Plants that still operate in the Balkan Region and also participated in the production of hydraulic machines and ventilators in the former Yugoslavia.

Figure 3. Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Plant “Bajina Bašta.” Professor Pejovic initiated fusibility study and is responsible for all designs and commissioning.

25 Appendix B Thesis

PhD Thesis

1. Pejovic S., A Contribution to the General Theory of Three-Dimensional Axially Symmetrical Flow in Turbomachines (in Serbo-Croatian), Thesis, University of Belgrade, 1964. <Full text>

1.1. PhD Thesis: Link to the Full Text (in Serbo-Croatian)

1.2. Articles related to the PhD thesis in German

1.3. Articles related to the PhD thesis in English and Serbian

BSc Thesis

2. Pejovic S., Three-Dimensional Axially Symmetrical Compressible Flow in Compressors. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 1958.

2.1. Article related to the BSc Thesis: Pejovic S., An Approximate method of Calculating Three- dimensional Compressible Flow in Turbomachines (in Serbo-Croatian; Abstract in English), Zbornik Masinskog Fakulteta, Belgrade, 1959-60, pp. 8.1 - 8.

[1] It is interesting to note that, at the World Industry Exhibition in Paris, organized on the hundredth anniversary of the French Revolution, held from May 24 to November 24, 1889 the Serbian stand was held by the Military Engineering Institute from Kragujevac, triumphed five silver and one bronze medals. After having visited the stand, the Swiss industrial businessman Sulzer said: "This witty and precisely designed construction shows that there, far away, in Turkey, the culture is beginning to wake up".

8.1 Bajina Basta Plants – Vlasina Plant - “S” Instability - ASME Guide6